ExoCalc — Free Avian & Exotic Clinical Calculator

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Clinical Calculators

Clinical Reference

Tools & Reference

Allometric Drug Dose Extrapolation

Scale known dose from a reference species to your patient using multiple validated methods

Drug Information

Drug Name

Route

Known Dose (mg/kg)

Frequency (/24h)

Interval

—

Reference (Source) Species

Source Species

Weight

Source Km

Source Taxon

Exponent Control

Allometric Exponent (b)

0.67 0.80

Current b = 0.75

Target Km (optional)

Override Target Km

Leave blank for automatic BSA computation

SMEC-Scaled Dose

—

mg/kg

Enter values to calculate

Method Comparison

Method	mg/kg	Total Dose	vs Linear
Allometric (b=0.75)	—	—	—
Km Factor Method	—	—	—
BSA Standard (b=0.67)	—	—	—
SMEC Extrapolation	—	—	—
Linear (1:1)	—	—	1.00×

SMEC Extrapolation Detail

Source

SMEC—

Unit Dose—

Unit Freq—

→

Target

SMEC—

Dose—

Interval—

Rx Enter values above to generate prescription

Sensitivity Analysis — Dose vs Exponent

Step-by-Step Breakdown ▼

Calculate to see detailed steps

Fluid Therapy Calculator

Evidence-based IV/SC/PO fluid plans with taxon-specific maintenance, deficit correction, and ongoing losses

Dehydration Assessment

Dehydration %

Ongoing Losses

Vomiting (episodes/day)

Diarrhea Severity

Pyrexia (°C above normal)

Fluid Route

Correction Timeline

Correction Period (hours)

Auto-set (taxon)

48h

Maintenance

—

ml/24h

—

Deficit

—

ml total

—

Ongoing Losses

—

ml/24h

—

Total Day 1
—
ml/24h
—

Drip Rates & Administration

Rate (ml/hr)—

Macro 15 gtt/ml—

Micro 60 gtt/ml—

Shock Rate—

Max Bolus—

Preferred Fluid—

Multi-Day Correction Schedule

Day	Maintenance	Deficit	Ongoing	Total	Rate
Calculate to see schedule

Clinical Notes & Fluid Selection

Select a taxon and calculate to see species-specific fluid guidance

Critical Care Nutrition Calculator

Allometric energy requirements, syringe feeding volumes, and ramp-up schedules

Diet & Product

Diet Type

Critical Care Product

4.06 kcal/g dry powder

Mix Ratio (powder:water)

Mixed kcal/ml

—

Condition & Multiplier

Condition

Feedings / Day

Ramp-Up Protocol

RER

—

kcal/day

K × BW^0.75

Target kcal/day
—
kcal/day
—

Dry Powder

—

g/day

kcal ÷ kcal/g

Mixed Volume

—

ml/day

at mixed ratio

Per Feeding Volume

Volume per feed—

Feeds/day—

Crop/stomach capacity—

Capacity check—

Critical Care Ramp-Up Schedule

Day	% Target	kcal/day	Total ml/day	Per Feed
Calculate to see schedule

Parenteral Nutrition Reference ▼

TPN Components (Central Access)

50% Dextrose (central)1.70 kcal/ml

Amino Acids 8.5%0.34 kcal/ml

Lipid emulsion 20%2.00 kcal/ml

PPN Components (Peripheral Access)

5% Dextrose (peripheral)0.17 kcal/ml

Amino Acids 3.5%0.14 kcal/ml

Lipid emulsion 10%1.00 kcal/ml

Standard TPN Starting Targets

Non-protein kcal50–70% RER

Protein (AA)3–4 g/kg/day birds; 4–6 g/kg/day raptors

Glucose infusion rate<5 mg/kg/min (avoid hyperglycemia)

Formula Reference Cards ▼

Leadbeater's Formula (Lories)

150 ml honey

150 ml warm water

4 hard-boiled egg yolks

150 g cottage cheese

300 g baby cereal (rice)

1 tsp vitamin supplement

Mix honey + water; blend with eggs; add cottage cheese; stir in cereal. Store refrigerated ≤72h.

Duck Soup (Ferrets)

1 can AD diet (Hill's)

1 jar chicken baby food

Warm water to consistency

Optional: Ensure/Boost for calories

Optional: Ferretone (skin & coat)

Blend smooth. Offer warm (>30°C). For anorexic or post-op ferrets. Hepatic encephalopathy: use low-protein variant.

Daily Diet & Husbandry

Evidence-based daily feeding plan for your exotic patient — food amounts, composition, supplement schedule, and owner guidance

Select a species & calculate

Diet Composition Breakdown

Component	% of Diet	g/day	Food Items
Run a calculation to see the breakdown

Recommended Pellets / Base Diet

—

Recommended Vegetables

—

Recommended Fruits

—

Feeder Insects / Prey Items

—

Supplement Schedule

—

Feeding Frequency & Water

Feeding Frequency —

Water Notes —

TOXIC & UNSAFE FOODS — AVOID

—

Common Nutritional Diseases

—

Foraging & Enrichment Ideas

[ Clinic Name / Stamp Area ]

Exotic & Avian Veterinary Practice

Daily Diet & Husbandry Guide

Daily Food Amounts

Recommended Foods

Supplement Schedule

Feeding Frequency & Water

⚠ TOXIC FOODS — DO NOT FEED

Enrichment & Foraging Ideas

Complete Treatment Protocol

Unified day-by-day clinical protocol combining fluids, nutrition, and medications

No plan generated yet

Enter patient data and calculate Fluid + Nutrition tabs, then click Calculate All to generate your complete protocol

Constant Rate Infusion (CRI) Calculator

Calculate infusion rates, drug amounts, and loading doses for common exotic CRI drugs

CRI

Drug & Dose

Drug

Concentration

mg/ml

Dose Rate

mg/kg/hr

Range: —

Infusion Setup

Bag Size (ml)

Duration (hrs)

Include Loading Dose

Drug Information

Select a drug to see species notes and clinical information.

Capture Myopathy / Rhabdomyolysis Protocol

Species risk, CK thresholds, and weight-adjusted treatment doses

Toxicology Assessment

Exotic species toxin exposure assessment, dose calculation, and treatment protocols

TOX

Toxin Exposure

Toxin / Agent

Amount Ingested

Toxin Reference

Select a toxin to see reference information.

Emergency Drug Sheet

Pre-calculated weight-based emergency drugs for your patient. Print for treatment area use.

EMRG

Emergency Drugs — Select patient above

Patient weight and taxon are required. Select a species above and the sheet will auto-generate.

CPR Protocol — Select patient above

Select patient to generate CPR protocol.

Exotic Dental Reference

Dental formulas, growth rates, common diseases, and treatment protocols for exotic species

DENT

Laboratory Interpreter

Interpret haematology & biochemistry values against species-specific reference ranges (Girling/Improve International)

LAB

Patient & Analytes

Taxon

Species (for bile acids)

PCV (%)

Uric Acid (µmol/L)

Bile Acids (µmol/L)

Glucose (mmol/L)

Total Protein (g/L)

Sodium (mmol/L)

Potassium (mmol/L)

Calcium (mmol/L)

Phosphorus (mmol/L)

Thrombocytes (/µl)

Avian WBC Estimation (Blood Smear)

Emergency WBC estimate from oil-immersion smear. Source: Girling M1W2 p7–9.

Avg WBCs in 5 fields

Avg RBCs in 5 fields

Observed PCV (%)

Normal PCV for species (%)

Enter analyte values and click RUN INTERPRETATION to see results.

Diagnostic Wash Volumes

Weight-based volumes for diagnostic sample collection (Girling M1W1)

Select a patient and click Calculate All to see applicable wash volumes.

Vaccination Schedule

Species-specific vaccination protocols — products, age, dose, interval, and booster timing (Girling/Improve International)

VAX

Select Species

Select a species to view its vaccination schedule.

Metabolic Parameters

BMR—kcal/day

MER—kcal/day

Est. HR—bpm

Daily Fluid—ml/day

Body Temp—

BSA (Meeh)—m²

Plasma Osmolality Calculator

Na⁺ (mEq/L)

K⁺ (mEq/L)

Glucose (mg/dL)

BUN (mg/dL)

2×(Na+K)—mOsm/kg

Full (+ Glu/18)—mOsm/kg

+BUN/2.8—mOsm/kg

K Constants & POTZ Reference ▼

Taxon	K (BMR/SMR)	Formula	POTZ / Temp	Est. HR Formula
Psittacine	78	78×BW^0.75	38–42°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Passerine	129	129×BW^0.75	40–44°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Raptor	78	78×BW^0.75	38–42°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Reptile	10	10×BW^0.75	25–35°C*	—
Amphibian	10	10×BW^0.75	18–25°C	—
Placental Mammal	70	70×BW^0.75	37–38°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Rabbit	250	250×BW^0.75	38–39°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Rodent	350	350×BW^0.75	37–38°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Marsupial	40	40×BW^0.75	34–36°C	33.4×BW^−0.25
Ferret	70	70×BW^0.75	37–39°C	33.4×BW^−0.25

*POTZ varies widely: Bearded Dragon 35–42°C, Ball Python 27–32°C, Tortoise 25–30°C, Chameleon 26–35°C
HR formula (Brody 1945): HR = 33.4 × BW(kg)^−0.25 | BW in kg
SMEC = K × BW^(−0.25) | Allometric exponent b: mammal 0.75, bird 0.72–0.75, reptile 0.75

Clinical Notes & EBVM Citations ▼

Allometric Scaling

The 0.75 exponent (Kleiber's law) describes metabolic rate vs body mass. Mean b = 0.738 ± 0.018 across 146 relations (Peters 1983; Glazier 2005). SMEC = K × BW^(−0.25) normalizes metabolic workload per unit metabolic mass.

Kleiber M (1932) | Boxenbaum H (1982) J Pharmacokinet Biopharm | Glazier DS (2005) Biol Rev

Fluid Therapy Principles

Only 25% of crystalloid remains intravascular at 30 min in birds. Reptiles must be at POTZ to process fluids. Amphibian fluids must be hypotonic (mammalian saline is hypertonic). Deficit correction: mammals 24h, birds 48h, reptiles 48–72h.

DVM360 Avian Fluid Therapy (Tully) | Vet Times (Fraser) | LafeberVet (Lichtenberger)

Nutritional Support

Start critical care at 33% RER Day 1, 66% Day 2, 100% Day 3+ (ramp-up protocol). Illness factors for energy calculation have fallen out of favor — start at RER and monitor. K=175 (LafeberVet BER) vs K=78/129 (DVM360 BMR) are different systems; use consistently.

LafeberVet Energy Requirements | Harrison's Recovery Chart (154.6×BW^0.73) | DVM360 Critical Avian Care

Km Factor Method

Km = BW(kg) / BSA(m²) where BSA = Meeh constant × BW(g)^(2/3) / 10,000. Published Km values: Dog=20, Cat=11.7, Rabbit=12, Guinea pig=8, Rat=6, Mouse=3, Human=37. Use published values when available.

Reagan-Shaw S et al (2008) FASEB J | Shin BS et al (2010) Toxicol Sci

Blood Volume, Safe Extraction & Transfusion Medicine

Evidence-based blood volume calculations, safe diagnostic draw limits, and transfusion protocols for exotic, avian, reptile, and small mammal patients

Safe Blood Extraction (Diagnostics)

Auto-populated from patient panel. Adjust below as needed.

Dehydration (%)

Patient PCV (%) optional

Enter patient weight and species to calculate

Safe Diagnostic Draw (10% TBV)	—
Girling Rule (1.0 ml/100g BW)	—
Girling Rule (0.8 ml/100g BW)	—
Adjusted (dehydration)	—
Adjusted (anemia)	—
Final Safe Volume	—
Weekly Max (7.5% TBV)	—
Daily Max (1% TBV)	—
Max Frequency	—

Transfusion Volume Calculator

Current PCV (%)

Target PCV (%)

Donor PCV (%)

Enter patient data and PCV values to calculate

Simplified A (1 × PCV rise × BW)	—
Simplified B (1.5 × PCV rise × BW)	—

Initial rate (15–30 min)	—
Maintenance rate	—
Estimated duration	—
Complete within	4 hours

Blood Donor Calculator

Donor Weight

Donor Taxon

IV fluid support available

Enter donor weight to calculate

Total Blood Volume	—
Max Donation (10% TBV)	—
Extended (15% TBV + IV fluids)	—
Recovery Time	30 days minimum

Allowable Surgical Blood Loss

Patient PCV (%)

Min Acceptable PCV (%)

Enter patient weight, species, and PCV values to calculate

Formula	(patPCV − minPCV) ÷ patPCV × TBV
Transfusion Trigger PCV	—

Venipuncture Reference — Current Patient

Select a patient species to see venipuncture sites

Anticoagulant	—
Needle Size	—
Normal PCV Range	—
Transfusion Trigger PCV	—

Anesthesia Protocol

Species-specific anesthesia protocols, ET tube sizing, local anesthetics, and monitoring normals under GA

ANES

Anesthesia Protocol▼

Protocol Taxon

Weight for Dose Calc

Select a taxon to load protocol.

ET Tube Size▼

Patient Weight

Taxon

Enter patient weight to calculate ET tube size.

Local Anesthetic Calculator▼

Agent

Patient Taxon

Enter patient weight (from patient panel) and select agent.

Monitoring Normals Under GA▼

Monitoring targets auto-populate from selected Protocol Taxon above.

Pain & Analgesia

Validated pain scales, multimodal analgesia protocols, and opioid conversion by species

PAIN

Pain Assessment Scale▼

Species / Taxon

Total Score (for severity)

Select species to load assessment scale.

Multimodal Analgesia Protocol▼

Taxon

Pain Severity

Select taxon and severity to generate protocol.

Opioid Conversion▼

From Drug

Dose (mg/kg)

To Drug

Enter dose and select drugs to convert.

Disease Protocols

Diagnostic workup, weight-calculated treatment protocols, monitoring, and antibiotic guide for exotic diseases

DX/TX

Disease Selector

Disease

Select a disease to view protocol.

Antibiotic Guide

Taxon

Infection Site

Select taxon and infection site.

Protocol Detail

Select a disease to view detailed protocol.

Vital Signs Reference

Species-specific vital parameter normals, BCS reference, and patient comparison

Species Vital Normals

Species

Select species to view vital normals.

Compare your patient’s values:

Patient HR (bpm)

Patient RR (/min)

Patient Temp (°C)

BCS Reference

Taxon for BCS Scale

Select taxon to view BCS scale.

Husbandry & Practical Tools

Environmental parameters, incubation, gestation, neonatal feeding, quarantine, wildlife triage, ectoparasite treatment, and more

HUSB

Environmental Parameters▼

Species

Select species to view environmental requirements.

Incubation Parameters▶

Gestation Periods▶

Neonatal Feeding▶

Quarantine Protocols▶

Wildlife Triage▶

Ectoparasite Treatment Guide▶

Drug Dilution Calculator▶

Ophthalmic Normals▶

Wound Healing & Bandaging▶